1. Being Muslim
Fasting is not accepted from a disbeliever because the fast is one of the pillars of Islam. Allah's Messenger (Peace be upon him) said:
Islam is based on (the following) five (Principles):
- To testify that La ilaha illallah wa anna Muhammad-ar-rasul Allah (none has the right to be worshiped but Allah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah)
- Iqama as-Salat (to perform the salat)
- to pay zakah
- to perform Hajj
- to observe saūm during the month of Ramadān. [Sahih Bukhari (8)]
Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated that one day while the Prophet (Peace be upon him) was sitting out for the people, a man (the angel Jibril) came to him and asked:
"What is Faith?" Allah's Messenger (Peace be upon him) replied: "Faith is to believe in Allah, His angels, (the) meeting with Him, His Messengers, and to believe in the Resurrection." Then he asked: "What is Islam?" Allah's Messenger (Peace be upon him) replied: "To worship Allah, alone, and none else, to perform the salāt, to pay the Zakah and to preserve saūm during the month of Ramadān". [Sahih Bukhari (50)]
2. Being of Sound Mind
Fasting is not accepted from one who is insane. It is reported on the authority of Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her) from the Prophet (Peace be upon him) that he said:
The pen has been lifted from three: From the sleeping person until he awakens, from the insane person until he comes to his senses, and from the child until he grows up." [Sunan Abu Dawud (4398)]
3. The Absence of any Obstacle
Fasting is not valid if a menstruating or has postpartum bleeding. Allah's Messenger (Peace be upon him) said:
Is it not a fact that if she is menstruating, she does not pray or fast? So this deficiency is in her religion. [Sahih Bukhari (304, 1951)]
4. Knowledge of the Time
From the call to Fajr prayer until sunset. Allah says:
And eat and drink until the white thread (light) of dawn appears to you distinct from black thread (darkness of night), then complete your saūm (fast) till the nightfall. [Qur'an (2):187]
5. An Abiding Intention
Fasting is not valid without an abiding intention.
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