Origin of al-Khawārij
The first and worst of the Kharijites was Dhu'l-Khuwaysirah.
Abu Sa'id Al-Khudri (may Allah be Pleased with him) said: 'Ali Ibn Abi Talib (may Allah be Pleased with him) sent a piece of gold not yet taken out of its ore, in a tanned leather container to Allah's Messenger (Peace be upon him) who distributed that among four Persons: 'Uyainah Ibn Badr, Al-Aqra' Ibn Habis, Zayd Al-Khayl and the fourth was either 'Alqamah or 'Amir Ibn Al' Tufayl. Upon this (distribution), one of the companions said:
We are more deserving of this (gold) than they.
When that news reached The Messenger, he said:
"Don't you trust me, though I am the most trustworthy man of the One in the Heavens, and I receive the news from Heaven (i.e. Divine Inspiration) both in the morning and in the evening?"
There got up a man with sunken eyes, raised cheekbones, raised forehead, a thick beard, a shaven head and a waist sheet that was tucked up, and he said:
O Allah's Messenger! Fear Allah.
The Prophet (Peace be upon him) said:
"Woe to you! Am I not of all the people on earth the most entitled to fear Allah?"
Then that man went away. Khalid (ibn Walid) (may Allah be Pleased with him) said:
O Allah's Messenger! Allow me to behead him?
The Messenger (Peace be upon him) replied:
"No, for he may offer Salāt (prayers to Allah)."
Khalid said:
Numerous are those who offer prayers and say by their tongues what is not in their hearts.
Allah's Messenger (Peace be upon him) said:
"I have not been ordered (by Allah) to search the hearts of the people or cut open their bellies."
Then the Prophet (Peace and Blessings be upon him) looked at him (i.e. that man) while he was walking away and said:
"From the offspring of this man, there will appear a people who will recite the Qur'an continuously and elegantly but it will not pass their throats (it will never reach their hearts). They would go out of Al-Islam as an arrow goes through a game's body."
I think he also said:
"If I should be present at their time I would kill them as the nation of Thamūd were killed."
This man's name was: Dhu'l- Khuwaysirah al-Tamimi. He was the first Kharijite in Islam. His problem was that he became fond of his opinion. Had he been assisted (by Allah), he would have realised that no opinion was above that of Allah's Messenger (Peace be upon him).
From the followers of this man were the ones who fought 'Ali Ibn Abi Talib (may Allah be Pleased with him). When the war between 'Ali and Mu'awiyah continued for a long time, the army of Mu'awiyah (may Allah be Pleased with him) raised their copies of the Qur'an and asked 'Ali's army to comply with the teachings of the Qur'an. They said:
You send one man, and we will send one man (as judges) and they will promise to act upon Allah's book.
Everyone agreed. Mu'awiyah's people sent 'Amr Ibn Al-'As and 'Ali's people suggested sending Abu Musa, but 'Ali preferred to send Ibn 'Abbas (may Allah be Pleased with him).
They (Mu'awiyah's group) said: we do not want a man from your family, so, Abu Musa was sent.
'Urwah Ibn Adiyyah said:
How could you use men to rule when Allah's ruling is present. There shall be no rule except that of Allah.
'Ali (may Allah be Pleased with him) returned from Siffin and entered Kufah, but the Kharijites did not follow him. Instead, they settled in Harura. There were twelve thousand of them and they said: 'there shall be no rule except that of Allah.'* This is how they initially started.
Imam Abu'l-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi
(Talbīs Iblīs (The Devil's Deception
* Based on the Qur'anic Verse:
"The judgement is for none but Allah" [Surah Yusūf (12):40]
 - Ibn al-Jawzi │Part 1){kind=link}
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